ECJ on Geographical Indication of Origin – Case No. C-399/22
Consumers must not be misled regarding the geographical origin of a product. Consequently, melons and tomatoes originating from Western Sahara must not be labeled as agricultural products from Morocco. Such labeling is deceptive and constitutes a violation of competition law, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled on October 4, 2024 (Case No. C-399/22).
Geographical indications of origin can evoke specific perceptions in consumers about a product’s qualities, such as its taste or quality. These perceptions may influence purchasing decisions. Therefore, misleading indications about a product’s origin are prohibited, as explained by MTR Legal Rechtsanwälte, a law firm advising on competition law.
Melons and Tomatoes from Western Sahara
The case before the ECJ concerned melons and tomatoes cultivated in Western Sahara but labeled as originating from Morocco. While Morocco controls a significant part of Western Sahara, a smaller independent zone also exists. The international legal status of Western Sahara remains unresolved.
Agriculture is conducted in Western Sahara, including the cultivation of tomatoes and melons in greenhouses. The infrastructure necessary for irrigation is primarily provided and financed by Morocco. These fruits and vegetables are predominantly exported to Europe, labeled with Morocco as the country of origin.
Misleading Consumers about Product Origin
A French agricultural association opposed this practice. The association petitioned the French government to ban the import of melons and tomatoes from Western Sahara, arguing that Morocco was wrongly stated as the origin. To avoid misleading consumers about product origin, influence their purchasing decisions, and respect international law, the association called for clear differentiation and labeling between products from Morocco and those from Western Sahara.
The association’s request ultimately reached the European Court of Justice. The ECJ was tasked with determining whether labeling Morocco as the origin was justified under an association agreement between the EU and Morocco, and what measures an EU Member State could take if goods are systematically imported with incorrect origin labeling.
Western Sahara Is Not Morocco
The ECJ clarified that the melons and tomatoes in question are harvested exclusively in Western Sahara and must, therefore, indicate Western Sahara as their origin. The court reasoned that Western Sahara is not part of Morocco but a distinct territory. Under EU law, Western Sahara constitutes a separate customs area. Any other origin labeling could mislead consumers into believing the products originate from a different area than where they were harvested.
The ECJ further clarified that an individual EU Member State cannot unilaterally impose an import ban on agricultural products not compliant with EU origin labeling requirements. In matters of common trade policy, only the EU can legislate. Agreements regulating this matter, such as under the EU-Morocco association agreement, are conceivable.
Violation of Competition Law
Misleading consumers about a product’s origin through false labeling constitutes a violation of competition law. Since consumers may associate positive attributes with origin labels, protecting geographical indications is highly valuable for businesses. Violations of competition law can lead to severe consequences, including cease-and-desist orders, lawsuits for damages, or warnings.
MTR Legal Rechtsanwälte, a commercial law firm with extensive experience in competition law, represents clients in both defending against and enforcing warnings, cease-and-desist orders, and damage claims.
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